Behaviorism And The Operant Conditioning Theory Essay

It is a fact that people learn differently. Some people learn by seeing, some by hearing, some by doing, and then others learn from a combination of these. For many decades psychologists, theorists, and scientists have all sought to prove to their peers, society and the world that not only do people learn differently but children and adult learning differ also. Learning theories are conceptualized frameworks which describe how individuals absorb, process and retain information. Behaviorists such as John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner, Edward L. Thorndike, Ivan Pavlov and Edwin R. Guthrie believed that all learners were passive in nature and only responded to external stimuli. Behaviorism, as explored by the before mentioned, is a biological basis of learning and focuses exclusively on observable behaviors. This includes Thorndike’s theory of connectionism, Pavlov’s classical conditioning and the well-known conditioning theory from Skinner—the operant conditioning model. However, many researchers did not like the one-size fits all explanation of behaviorism. Cognitivism grew in response to behaviorism in an effort to better understand the mental processes behind learning. This challenged behaviorism with the idea that learning is the process of connecting symbols in a meaningful way; thus all knowledge is stored cognitively as symbols. Still, cognitivism didn’t account for individuality and the input-output model was seen as very mechanic. The social cognitive theory was developedShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Behaviorism And Operant Conditioning895 Words   |  4 Pages B.F Skinner Renowned American psychologist B.F. Skinner, well known for his theory on behaviorism and operant conditioning. He was the most influential 20th - century psychologist. His works includes â€Å"The Behavior of Organisms† (1938) which was about the results in his experiment with operant conditioning, and a novel based on his theories â€Å"Walden† (1948). He was not only a psychologist he was a behaviorist, teacher, author, inventor, and a social philosopher as well. Born as Burrhus FredericRead MoreThe Theory Of Behaviorism Operant Conditioning993 Words   |  4 PagesAbstract Behaviorism takes on many forms, B.F. Skinner liked to call his form of behaviorism Operant Conditioning. He would rather study observable behavior rather than internal mental events. He felt that was the best way to see how one may react to a particular stimuli and how one would handle the situation. Skinner believed that if a behavior is reinforced the behavior will continue. This had a two sided effect. If the bad behavior was reinforced the bad behavior would continue. Such as the goodRead MoreWatson, Skinner and Tolman Essay1627 Words   |  7 Pagesamong them based on their theories and perspectives. Each theory and concept is like steps on a ladder that define prior events that lead to current day theory known as modern day psychology. Respectfully John B. Watson is the founder of behaviorism and B.F. Skinner is the founder of radical behaviorism, but Edward Tolman marches to a different drum and is known for developing cognitive theory. Herein we will compare and contr ast each theory and formulate how each theory is imperative in 2012.Read MoreUpchurch Shawna EDUC 205 Learning Theory Paper1384 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Shawna Upchurch EDUC 205 Learning Theories Paper August 14, 2014 Behaviorism Behaviorism is one of the most used theories in education. Due to it can fit in both a classroom setting and at home. Educators had sought out the reason why for many years. But due to each child learns a different way so should the educator. Behaviorism was study by many great Psychologists over the years. Just to name some that had done work and publish books on the subject are, John Watson, Ivan Pavlov, Clark HullRead MoreBehaviorism Theory Of Classical Conditioning1700 Words   |  7 Pages Behaviorism is a theory that behavior can be altered through conditioning. Behaviorism does not focus on thoughts or feelings of the subject, just their behavior. Ivan Pavlov was a major part of this movement of behaviorism with his theory of classical conditioning. The most important part of classical conditioning is that it is done through repetition. In his experiment he began with noticing that an unconditioned stimulus like dog food causes an unconditioned response like salivation. He t henRead MoreBehaviorism s Theory Of Psychology983 Words   |  4 PagesClassification Behaviorism claims that â€Å"consciousness† is neither defined nor unable concept; that it is merely another word for the â€Å"soul† of more ancient time (Watson, 1970). However, behaviorism holds the subject matter of human psychology it focus on the behavior or activities of the human being. Etymology The word behaviorism originates from the Middle French word behavior, meaning the observable activity in human and animal. This term was coined in 1913 by the United States psychologistRead MoreWhy Do We Do Your Regular Schedules?1368 Words   |  6 PagesTodd Donerson 5/9/2015 Intr. Philosophy Main project part 2 Behaviorism Why do we do the things we do in our regular schedules? Do we do it on impulse, is it something we daily choose to do, or are we simply conditioned to a point where it becomes natural? These are the questions behaviorists think about when studying other people. I believe this is the right theory because I believe that everything a person does, why they think they way they do, why they do the things they do is becauseRead MoreBehaviorism As A Psychological Theory Of Human Development942 Words   |  4 Pages Behaviorism at its finest Life circumstances or events can predict the way that most people behave or handle situation. It is also believed that ones behavior is effected based on the positive or negative reinforcements received all throughout a persons life. Behaviorism is a psychological theory of human development that posits that humans can be trained, or conditioned, to respond in specific ways to specific stimuli and that given the correct stimuli, personalities and behaviors of individualsRead MoreBehaviorism And Social Learning Theory1531 Words   |  7 Pages Behaviorism and social learning theory are examples of two mechanistic theories that focus on explaining children’s behavior. Social learning theory emphasizes observational learning and imitation. On the other hand, behaviorism is rooted in focusing on how the environment impacts development. The environment shapes the child’s development as the child strives to adapt to the environment. Both theories deal with explaining behavior and consist of similarities, but are composed of different elementsRead MoreBehaviorism The Developmental Grand Theory1525 Words   |  7 PagesBehaviorism the Developmental Grand Theory Hillary C. Wade Cisco College Author Note This paper was prepared for Psychology 2314 Lifespan Growth and Development, Fall Mini-Semester, Taught by Linda Grant. Abstract Out of all the theories of lifespan development, behaviorism has proven to be the most efficient explanation of how we grow and adapt with our environments. Also known as the learning theory, it was developed by John B. Watson, and with major contributions from B.F. Skinner and Ivan Pavlov

Transcendental Knowledge Philosophy - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3564 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Philosophy Essay Type Essay any type Did you like this example? Immanuel Kant is responsible for introducing the term â€Å"transcendental† to the philosophical discussion. By doing this it was his goal to reject everything that Hume had to say. His argument proved that subjects like mathematics and philosophy truly existed. One of his main arguments was the idea that gaining knowledge was possible. Without this idea of knowledge there would be no reason for a discussion. Since we know that knowledge is possible we must ask how it got this way. According to Kant, one of the conditions of knowledge is the Transcendental Aesthetic, which is the mind placing sense experience into a space and time sequence. From this we understand that the transcendental argument is an abundance of substances situated in space and time, with a relationship to one another. We cannot gain this knowledge from sense-experience (Hume) or from rational deduction alone (Leibniz), but showing how knowledge exist and how it is possib le. Kant makes the claim in the Transcendental Aesthetics that space and time are ‘pure a priori intuitions. To fully understand what this means we must define what an intuition is. According to Kant an intuition is raw data of sensory experience. So basically intuitions are produced in the mind. Kant is saying that space and time are things that are produced in the mind and given before experience. Space is a necessary a priori representation, which underlies all outer intuitions. It does not represent something in itself or any other relationship. Space is only a form of appearance represented outside of the mind. Time, on the other hand, is a necessary representation that underlies all intuitions and therefore is a priori. Since time is only one dimensional there is no way that we could access it quickly. We know that space and time are both a priori because of all of our experiences. Kant also claims that space and time are ‘empirically real but transce ndentally ideal. When Kant says that space is ‘empirically real he is not presupposing external objects. There is no way for space to be an empirical concept. We cannot just come up with the idea of space; a representation of space must be presupposed. When we experiences things outside ourselves it is only possible through representation. For space and time to be ‘transcendentally ideal Kant is basically saying that â€Å"they are not to be identified with anything beyond or anything that transcends the bounds of possible experience or the a priori subjective conditions that make such experience possible in the first place.† Before Kant begins to explain the transcendental aesthetic he claims in the introduction that mathematical knowledge is synthetic a priori. This statement is based on Kants Copernican Revelation. According to Kant, time and space taken together are the pure forms of all sensible intuitions. This is our way of creating a priori synt hetic propositions. These propositions are limited in how they appear to us but not present within themselves. We have a priori knowledge of synthetic judgements. According to Kant our judgements/statements can either be analytic or synthetic. An analytic judgement would be where the concept of the predicate is part of the concept of the subject. If it is denied then there would be a contradiction. A synthetic judgement, on the other hand, is where the concept of the predicate is not contained in the concept of the subject. So, if we denied it then there would be no contradiction involved. An analytical judgement would be â€Å"all bachelors are unmarried†. The concept of bachelor is defined as being unmarried. In analyzing this word we would say that it is an unmarried male adult. When we analyze concepts the parts come out. Therefore, when broken down our predicate concept of â€Å"unmarried† is shown. The mind is capable of finding this concept without go ing outside and experiencing it. If we tried to deny this statement there would have to be a contradiction, therefore making it false. An example of a synthetic judgement would be â€Å"the sun will rise tomorrow†. When we say this it is our way of taking two separate and distinct ideas and putting them together. There could be no contradiction in this statement because we can image that something like this could occur. In Section I of the Transcendental Aesthetic, Kant gives four arguments for the conclusion that space is empirically real but transcendentally ideal. As we know space is not an empirical concept. We cannot physically derive the idea of space. The only way that we can receive these outer experiences is through our representation. When it comes to space we cannot represent the absence of space but we can imagine space as being empty. In order to be given any content in our experience we must presuppose space. Knowing that space is not a general conc ept we can only discuss one space at a time and if we speak of diverse spaces we only mean parts of the same space. The parts cannot decipher the bigger space but only what is contained in it. Since space is seen as only one, the concept of spaces depends on a limit. Concepts containing an unlimited amount of representations cannot be contained within itself. All parts of space are given to us at once. Therefore it is an a priori intuition not a concept. All of the previous information is Kants way of showing that the synthetic a priori knowledge of mathematics is possible. As we know mathematics is a product of reason but is still synthetic. But how can this knowledge be a priori? The concepts of math are seen a priori in pure intuitions. This just means that the intuition is not empirical. If you do not have intuitions then mathematics would not even be a concept. Philosophy, on the other hand, progresses only through concepts. Philosophy uses intuitions to show necessa ry truths but those truths cannot be a consequence of intuitions. The possibility of math only occurs because it is based on pure intuitions which only occur when concepts are constructed. Like pure intuition, empirical intuition, allows us to broaden our concept of an object by providing us with new predicates. With pure intuitions we get necessary a priori truths. Synthetic a priori knowledge in mathematics is possible only if it refers to objects of the senses. The form of appearances comes from time and space which is assumed by pure intuitions. Doubting that space and time do not belong to the object in themselves would cause us to not have an explanation about a priori intuitions of objects. We have to come to the conclusion that in space and time objects are only appearances entailing that it is the form of appearances that we can represent a priori. Concluding that a synthetic a priori knowledge of mathematics would be possible. What is the Transcendental Deducti on? This is the way concepts can relate a priori to objects. Kant says, â€Å"If each representation were completely foreign to every other, standing apart in isolation, no such thing as knowledge would ever arise. For knowledge is [essentially] a whole in which representations stand compared and connected.† Kant lays out a threefold synthesis about experience: a synthesis of apprehension in intuition, a synthesis of reproduction in imagination, and a synthesis of recognition in a concept. We should not divide these steps into one but they should all be intertwined as one. So what we see must occur consecutively. Therefore our idea of the Synthetic Unity of Apperception comes into play. This is where every possible content of experience must be accompanied by â€Å"I think†. Everything in your mental state should be able to be accompanied by â€Å"I think† if not then it will not matter at all. â€Å"I think† is not something that consists in sensibility. It is an act of spontaneity. It precedes all possible experience. The unity of this particular manifold is not given in experience but prior to it. Thinking substances can only perceive what is going on inside as perception goes on at all times. This is where our awareness of a manifold comes into play. We are aware of one thing after another. Each impression is different from one other. We must say that these impressions are mine. Basically accompanying them with the phrase â€Å"I think†. As for the Transcendental Unity of Apperception we are never aware of ourselves as the thinker but just the intuitions. All of our experiences must be subjective to this combination of things. I must actively pull them all together as them being a part of my experience. The only way that I can be aware of this â€Å"I† is if I am able to pull together all of these representations. In this we can see the idea of objective unification. There is a connection betwe en transcendental unity of apperception and objective unification. When we speak of objective unification we believe that there is a right way to put things together. This concept basically comes from our categorical synthesis which involves a priori concepts. With the categorical synthesis it is our way of putting together intuitions in a category. We must be able to make a judgement. For example we must be able to say this is how things seem to me because of pass experiences. By saying this it would be a near judgement. Whereas a judgement would be us just saying this is how things are. To make a judgement is to say this is how things are out there; how they objectively are rather than how they appear subjectively. For a manifold to be complete the sensible intuitions have to be subject to the category. This is how we can have a categorical synthesis. We cannot have sense impression unless I can bring them together under a unified manifold by knowing they are objective r ather than subjective. Any intuition that we have must be subject to the category. We could not have an awareness of one event coming before the other unless there is a manifold of â€Å"my†. Appearances are not objects in themselves. They are not just representations; they are separate intuitions therefore having no connection between them. Imagination is what connects the manifold of sensible intuitions. Nature is just appearance. Anything that appears to us must conform to law. We have to complete this synthesis in order to have experiences. It is presupposed that there is an objective to all of my experiences. Without it there would be no way to put them together and I would not be aware of them as experiences. Both the threefold synthesis and a transcendental unity of apperception are necessary to have ordered experience for any sort of theory of experience. 3. Kant defines Idealism as â€Å"the theory which declares the existence of objects in space outside us either to be merely doubtful and indemonstrable or to be false and impossible.† Since I am conscious of my own existence, objects in space must also exist. Having knowledge, the only thing that we are aware of is our representations. These representations are only achievable through an object outside of me not by the representation of that object. Therefore I exist in time because I am capable of perceiving actual things outside of me. I am conscious of my existence in the same frame of time as I am conscious of those objects existing outside of me. When referring to idealism it is believed that our immediate experience is inner experience and from this particular experience we only receive outer objects. It is quite possible that these representations come from within. When considering the representation â€Å"I am† a subject is included. We do not know what that subject is though. So according to circumstances we do not have any experience of that subje ct. To fully understand the knowledge of the subject we must have intuition. But the only way to receive this inner experience is through our outer experience. To have the existence of outer objects we must be conscious of ourselves. This does not mean that our representation of them involve true existence because they could also be produced by our imagination. The representations of our outer objects come from our perceptions. According to Kant â€Å"all that we have here sought to prove is that inner experience in general is possible only through outer experience in general. Whether this is or that supposed experience be not purely imaginary, must be ascertained from its special determinations, and through it congruence with the criteria of all real experience.† According to Descartes, we really know only what is in our own consciousness. We are instantly and honestly aware of only our own states of mind. What we believe of the whole external world is merely a n idea or picture in our minds. Therefore, it is possible to doubt the actuality of the external world as being composed of real objects. â€Å"I think, therefore I am† is the only idea that cannot be doubted. This is because self-consciousness and thinking are the only objects that can be experienced in the real sense. Descartes presented the main problem of philosophical idealism which was an awareness of the difference between the world as a mental picture and that of a system of external objects. Lockes theory, on the other hand, encompasses the mind as the origin for modern conceptions of identity and the self. Locke was the first philosopher to define the self through a continuation of â€Å"consciousness.† He also speculated that the mind was a â€Å"blank slate† or â€Å"tabula rasa†. These two strategies are very different from the above strategies of Kant. At the beginning of early modern philosophy, in Descartes, we seem to see our f amiliar world slipping away. At the culmination of early modern philosophy, in Kant, however, we get our familiar world back through at a price. In the following essay I will discuss this process, beginning with Descartes, ending with Kant, and discussing two of the four philosophers we have examined this semester. In Meditation One Descartes gives three separate arguments. From these particular arguments one can conclude that we cannot claim to know with certainty anything about the world around us. Everything might seem probable but in reality that does not mean that it lacks doubt. If we can never be certain how can we know anything. This is the main reason for Descartes bring this issue up. Basically his entire argument is based on Scepticism. Scepticism is very important and is seen as an attempt for our knowledge and understanding of the world. It is really hard to doubt that someone really exists but there is no way that one could get rid of the idea of scepticism The one thing that we know is that Descartes does not just randomly doubt everything. He provides very concrete reasons for the things that he doubts. As he sets up this doubt he has to be very rational about it. If he does not then his argument is not going to work. The KK thesis that Descartes uses is to show how these arguments work. The KK thesis follows: if a knows that p, then a knows that a knows that p. basically this means that if I know that there is snow outside then I know that I know that there is snow outside. The problem with this argument is that if we are not sure about our senses then there is no way that we can be sure about the knowledge that we possess. In making this thesis work one must have a strong understanding of what â€Å"knowing† really means. But there is no way that one can actually have this understanding. One must have self-knowledge or basically one must really know himself/herself. Therefore if you do not have that notion of self t hen you do not possess any knowledge. As we can see the KK thesis works in favour with what Descartes is saying in all of his arguments. The only problem is that he does not believe that his argument about God is that strong. He feels that if there is an Omnipotent God then there is no way that he could ever deceive us. There is no way that he could be all knowing and make us doubt the things that we do. On the other hand there is no way that there could be no God because our senses had to be created by someone. Therefore there must have been an evil demon that has deceived us. But since he doubts everything then he is not mislead into the false believing of a demon. So, in a later meditation he proves that there is a God and that he is not a deceiver. We turn to Liebniz and we continue to see the world slipping away as he discusses the monad. In looking at the things that Liebniz said it is believed that monads (Entelechy) are not physical or mental but biological. The refore, the ultimate cogs of the world are biological elements or Entelechies. In doing this there is no distinction made between inanimate and animate objects, which would make everything, animate. If these monads are really just biological there is no way that they can make changes in each other. The only way for this to happen is if God caused these changes to happen. The reason that monads cannot bring changes in bodies is because that is not what they were programmed to do. They were created so that compound substances could be made. The biological nature of Monads makes their essential qualities to be apperception and appetition and even motion itself. Their relation is more of a final cause than an efficient cause. This is why he considers final causes as the principle of efficient causes and gives priority to final causes. Therefore, this made it hard for a monad to bring change in a body. As we can see, God is the unifier of the monads but he also brings harmony. Leibniz came to the conclusion, by using metaphysics and the nature of monads, that God was the ultimate monad and the Creator of this world. We are now at a point where nothing is the same. We believed in one thing but now it is completely different. The first problem that Berkeley would have with this objection is the fact that ideas cannot exist if they are not perceived. If we cannot perceive of the idea then there is no way that we can truly conceive of the thing. For example if I do not have the idea of the sky being blue then there is no way that I am going to walk outside, look up, and say the sky is blue. I do not have the concept of blue in the first place. He says that we cannot say what reality is like without using language. You cannot use a word well if you do not know the meaning of that word. When we are describing an idea it is based on what we feel. There is no way that I can say what I mean if I have no conception of the word. According to Berkeley, i deas do not do anything so it cannot cause anything to happen. The mind is active; it is able to perceive of new ideas by imaging. The one thing that the mind cannot do is actually form ideas. It can perceive the ideas but cannot come up with ideas that will resemble the mind when it does this. So, therefore there is no way that we can perceive of any sensible things without knowing what the words mean in the first place. If you do not know what the words mean then you cannot come up with ideas and without the ideas you cannot perceive anything. As we continue we start to see some changes. Berkeley is bring us closer to what Kant has to say. We finally come to Kant and we get our world back through pieces. The way that we do this is through the Kantian price. The Kantian price is how we get our world back through space and time. We have to realize that we would not exist without a world of space and time. Space is not empirical; the idea of space cannot be conceived of. S pace is of only one thing. It cannot be talked about in parts because parts are only contained in the overall bigger picture. All space is, is a form of all appearances of the outer sense. As for time it is a little different. Time is not something, which exist of itself. An intuition taking place within is what time is. Time cannot be removed from appearance even though it does not have to actually possess appearances. These appearances can come and go but time cannot be taken away. It is only suitable in conjunction to appearance not for objects preoccupied or taken in general. Time and space are the pure forms of all sensible intuition and so are what make a priori synthetic propositions possible. Therefore, bring back our world through a price. We get a chance to see how Kant breaks down what everyone is saying and shows us how the world is not really slipping away but it is just seen in a different way. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Transcendental Knowledge Philosophy" essay for you Create order

Essay about Fond Childhood Memories - 1269 Words

It was a maddening rush, that crisp fall morning, but we were finally ready to go. I was supposed to be at State College at 10:00 for the tour, and it was already eight. My parents hurriedly loaded their luggage into the van as I rushed around the house gathering last minute necessities. I dashed downstairs to my room and gathered my coat and my duffel bag, and glanced at my dresser making sure I was leaving nothing behind and all the rush seemed to disappear. I stood there as if in a trance just remembering all the stories behind the objects and clutter accumulated on it. I began to think back to all the good times I have had with my family and friends each moment represented by a different and somewhat odd object. The palm leaf that†¦show more content†¦After we disappeared around the corner of the salad bar, Johanna decided that she too wanted some ice cream. Mom quickly pointed her in the right direction and she hurriedly trotted after us. When Jami and I got back to the table, Mom asked us if Johanna got some ice cream. I told her that I didnt know, that she didnt come with us. Mom freaked out and we all abandoned our dessert to go search for Johanna. We looked all over the buffet area and decided that she definitely wasnt there anymore, so we expanded our search to the rest of the hotel. It wasnt long before Dad found her at the entrance of the hotel. When he found her, she was at the ice cream store next to the front desk with her nose and sticky hands pressed against the glass doors once again. When our four-day vacation was over and we left the hotel, we all glanced back to the ice cream parlor and saw the tiny handprints scattered on the glass. Our family grew that day and we will never forget how close we all felt when we found her. I thought of the silver and brown change among the miscellaneous items scattered on the dresser. I thought of how, in a way, it was like our life-- always going a hundred different directions and doing a million different things. All my sisters have dance, gymnastics, piano lessons, harp lessons, Math Counts, etc., and my mom is always able to go all the differentShow MoreRelatedChildhood Memories2400 Words   |  10 PagesChildhood is the most innocent phase of mans life. With the passage of time, it fades into adolescence and adulthood. Yet the sweet memories of childhood linger on. My childhood recollections are those of a sheltered and carefree life, nurtured with love and concern. As I was the first child in the family, everybody doted on me. My funny lisping, my innocent mischief and my inane talk-everything was a source of immense pleasure to them. There was never a word of reproach or censure against meRead MoreA Rose For Boland s Fond Memory 1207 Words   |  5 PagesEavan Boland’s ‘Fond Memory’ is a poem which is used to explore the poets past, acting as a vehicle for returning to the days of her childhood. This poem is written with the intent to confront a past memory and creates a relationship between Boland as a young girl and the woman she was when she wrote this. Through the use of literary techniques we become a part of the journey that Boland undertakes in order to go back to her child self and speak about her memories. This is a very personal poem asRead MoreEssay about Childhood 681 Words   |  3 PagesChildhood is present in every adult. The immaturity, the innocence, the naivety, the thirst for approval, is craved in everyone around you. Memories of childhood can be represented i n many ways: a blanket, stuffed animal, rattle, song, or maybe even a movie. We can cling to these things for support in times of need, or just to recall fond memories of a simpler, and in most cases happier time. As our lives change around us, and we change to adapt to our lives we recall these items. We return toRead More`` Piano `` By D. H. Lawrence And Traveling Through The Dark By William Stafford1288 Words   |  6 Pagesand move the dead deer from the side of the road, but in his heart, he has great compassion for the unborn fawn. In contrast, Lawrence establishes mood by having the narrator reminisce about his childhood. â€Å"Piano† is a poem which focuses on the conflict between present experiences and memories from childhood. Therefore the two works offer very different tones. â€Å"Piano† has a nostalgic, sentimental and melancholic tone on the other hand, â€Å"Traveling through the Dark† provides a feeling of sympathy, sorrowRead More`` Piano `` By D. H. Lawrence And Traveling Through The Dark1284 Words   |  6 Pagesmove the dead deer from the side of the road, but in his heart, he has great compassion for the unborn fawn. On the other hand, Lawrence establishes mood by having the narrator reminisce about his childhood. â€Å"Piano† is a poem which focuses on the conflict between present experiences and memories from childhood. Therefore the two works offer very different tones. â€Å"Piano† has a nostalgic, sentimental and melancholic tone on the other hand, â€Å"Traveling through the Dark† provides a feeling of sympathy, sorrowRead MoreAnalysis Of My Papas Waltz By Theodore Roethke1062 Words   |  5 Pagesfather. A relationship in which, notably, causes harm to the author. However, through all the nights Roethke spent in pain and in horror, his love for his father still exists. While many people believe that the author tells a lovely story of a fond memory with his father, it is not possible th at the use of negative imagery and negative diction does not play a role in the story told. â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz† tells the story of a â€Å"small boy† who is abused by his father. After examining the context of thisRead More`` Piano `` By D. H. Lawrence And Traveling Through The Dark By William Stafford1224 Words   |  5 Pagesand move the dead deer from the side of the road, but in his heart, he has great compassion for the unborn fawn. In contrast, Lawrence establishes mood by having the narrator reminisce about his childhood. â€Å"Piano† is a poem which focuses on the conflict between present experiences and memories from childhood. Therefore the two works offer very different tones. â€Å"Piano† has a nostalgic, sentimental and melancholic tone on the other hand, â€Å"Traveling through the Dark† provides a feeling of sympathy, sorrowRead MoreAnalysis Of My Papas Waltz By Theodore Roethke1059 Words   |  5 Pagesfather. A relationship in which, notably, causes harm to the author. However, through all the nights Roethke spent in pain and in horror, his love for his father still exists. While many people believe that the author tel ls a lovely story of a fond memory with his father, it is not possible that the use of negative imagery and negative diction does not play a role in the story told. â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz† tells the story of a â€Å"small boy† who is abused by his father. After examining the context of thisRead MoreDescribing My Childhood Home830 Words   |  4 PagesQuincy, Mass is where my childhood home stands Homes are places that people can go to for warmth, memories and comfort. My childhood home resides or stands in Quincy, MA. The home is full of comfort for me and my family. My home is your typical Cape Code style. It’s gray in color with Maroon shutters. There is a 2 car attached garage. Flowers, bushes and other landscape surround the house. The front living room window is a large bay window that allows a lot of sunlight into the home whenRead MoreAnalysis Of My Papas Waltz By Theodore Roethke873 Words   |  4 Pagesfrom professors, scholars, and students alike, the imagery, syntax, and diction of the poem clearly support the interpretation that Roethke writes â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz† to look back at the fond memories he has as a child with his father. Roethke’s poem was published in 1961, he was born in 1908 so at the time of this memory he was only about five or six years old. In discussions of â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz,† one controversial issue has been that Roethke’s poem is about the abuse he suffered through as a child.

TCP-IP Data Encapsulation and Decapsulation †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the TCP-IP Data Encapsulation and Decapsulation. Answer: Introduction: In any connection, a logical pattern or structure is followed, the layout that is usually followed when connecting computers in a given network is what is known as a physical or network topology (Zandbergen, 2017). In our discussion, we will highlight three patterns; star, bus and mesh topology Management and their corresponding advantages. A topology where each and every device is connected to a central device such as a switch (Certification kits, 2017). It is the most commonly used layout as its resilient and robust in its operations, example LAN connections in offices where PCs are connected to a central server. Advantages Its a simple structure that is very easy to install. Since each device is independent (connected to the central device) there are no disruptions when devices are removed. A simple overview structure that facilitates faults detection. Disadvantages It requires extensive resources to set up i.e. cables. Susceptible to central point failures. Overall its more expensive as compared to the other models. In this topology, all devices or nodes are connected to a central cable or even network (the bus). Essentially, this bus acts as the communication medium used by devices to communicate (Omnisecu, 2017). Example classroom connection of PC tapping from a central Ethernet line. Advantages Its usually very easy to connect a device to a linear connection e.g. a bus. As compared to the star topology, it requires fewer resources to install. Disadvantages The entire network is lost if the central cable fails. Its difficult to establish the root of a problem if the network fails. It cannot be used as a standalone option Mesh A redundant topology where all devices are connected to each other using multiple connections Management . As expected its a very expensive topology but it offers the best solution to a redundant and resilient connection requirements. Example the internet. Advantages Extremely resilient and robust, failed connections do not affect the network. Adding new devices has no effect on the overall network. It can handle large amounts of traffic. Disadvantages Its very hard to manage and maintain. Moreover, it requires a lot of capital investment (Nizam, 2014). First, the TCP/IP is a layered organisation of protocols that are used in communication today particularly on the internet. Its made up of different layers whose hierarchical protocols are made of interactive modules that perform specific functionalities. Therefore, each upper layer or protocol level is supported by the functionalities and services of more than one other layer. Now, encapsulation and decapsulation are a process that is used to package data for transmission or reception. Encapsulation and decapsulation A shown below, as data moves from the upper layer to the lower layers of the TCP/IP model, each layer adds a bundle of relevant control information. This control information is known as header files and at each subsequent layer will become the wholesome data where at lower layers is repackaged to form an additional header file. This supplementary data is used at the receiving end to extract data at the intended layer. Therefore, in reverse, decapsulation will unpack the data based on the control information provided (Omnisecu, 2017). While encapsulation and decapsulation involve the addition or removal of control information (header files), multiplexing and de-multiplexing involve the transmission of actual data. In fact, multiplexing is a method used to transmit multiple signals or information streams over a single communication channel. On the other hand, de-multiplexing is the process used to recover and separate these signals at the receiving end (Nizam, 2014). Therefore, encapsulation and decapsulation will involve control data while multiplexing and de-multiplexing will have the actual data or be it multiple instances of data (data streams). Given values: Bandwidth 6.8 MHz and SNR 132 Nyquist bit rate formula: 2 x Bandwidth x Log2 Signal level (L) Using Shannon capacity formula: Capacity (Shannon capacity) = bit rate = B x Log2 (1 + SNR) = B x Log2 SNR = 6800000 x Log2 132 Bit rate = 47901880.01 = 47.9019 MHz Signal can be obtained from Nyquist formula Signal level: 47901880.01 = 13600000 x Log2 L 3.52219706 = Log2 L, therefore, L = 23.52219706 = 11.48912529 Levels The OSI (Open systems interconnection) model is a standard created to outline the division of labour in a given communication network, this division will involve both software and hardware interactions (Burke, 2017). On the other hand, TCP/IP are network standards that are used to define communication over the internet. Basically, IP defines the method computers acquire data from each other in a routed network. While the TCP defines the channels used in the communication process. As a model, the OSI model defines a broad and wider variety of functionalities as compared to the TCP/IP model that only works when dealing with the internet. Moreover, the TCP/IP was created in the 1970s to solve specific problems and not functionalities. Therefore, at the time there were minimal variables to consider as compared to when the OSI model was developed. However, many communication protocols more so, those used on the internet such as HTTP (Hypertext transfer protocol) are built on top of the TCP model. This outcome necessitates the need of the TCP/IP model which still stands in the way of the OSI model (Frenzel, 2013). Advantages and disadvantages of OSI model For one, the OSI model is a true generic model that distinguishes layers based on service, protocols Management and interfaces. Moreover, it has improved flexibility to link with any other protocol which makes it possible to support both connected and connectionless services. Finally, it has abstract operation principles thus changes in one layer never affect another. However, it does have some faults; for instance, it never defines any operation protocols. Furthermore, its difficult to introduce new protocols as it was created before the invention of protocols. In addition to this, there is extended interdependency between communication layers (Chaudhari, 2016). In general, the TCP/IP model works independently of the operation systems which makes it easy to establish connection regardless of the type of computer used. Secondly, it does support several protocols including crucial routeing protocols. Moreover, its a scalable architecture that can accommodate new concepts and standards. However, this model is also very difficult to establish due to its complex nature. Furthermore, other models such as IPX are faster as compared to it and finally, it has a higher overhead which requires extra transmission resources (Jayasundara, 2017). Values given: frame of size 5 million bits, 10 routers, queuing time of 3.5 s, processing time of 1.8 s, link length 1900 km, speed of light 2.2 x 108 m/s and bandwidth of 8 Mbps Therefore, from these parameters we can have: Delay/latency = Processing time + queuing time + transmission time + propagation time Therefore Processing time (for 10 routers) = 10 x 1.8 = 1.8 x 10-5 s Queuing time (10 routers) = 10 x 3.5 = 3.5 x 10-5 s Transmission time = Frame size/Bandwidth = 5000000/8000000 = 5/8, approximately 0.625 s Propagation time = Link length/speed of light = 1900000/2.2 x 108 = 8.636364 x 10-3 s Latency = 1.8 x 10-5 + 3.5 x 10-5 + 0.625 + 8.636364x10-3 = 0.63369 s Transmission time is dominant (bigger packet size). Whereas, Processing time and queuing time are negligible. Post Office Protocol 3 (POP3) is a mail retrieving protocol that is used to access mailboxes hosted on remote servers. These servers usually retain all the users messages until they request for them. Furthermore, unlike IMAP4 it will only receive the sent messages (mail) which outline its limited capabilities. Nevertheless, in its operation, POP3 will use three different stages or sessions to execute its functionalities, they are Closed, Authorization, Transaction and Update (Netscape Communications Corporation, 1998). In general terms, POP3 is usually defined based on a finite state machine with each corresponding session moving between three general states during its lifetime. Authorization In this state, the server will provide a go-ahead signal known as a greeting to the client. This greeting will signal the servers intent to receive subsequent operations i.e. commands. In response, the client provides the necessary authentication procedures or information to allow it to access its designated mailbox. Transaction After providing the necessary authentication, the client is given authority to conduct various activities and operation within a given mailbox. These operations will include a listing of all available messages as well as the retrieving operation. Moreover, it will outline messages that are to be deleted. Update Finally, after being done with all the activities involved, the client will issue a quit command and as a result, the overall session will enter the update state automatically. In this state, the server deletes all messages designated for deletion. In conclusion, the session is terminated and the TCP connection set between the two (client and server) is also terminated. Closed this state exists just before the authorization state when no connection exists. Its closed because no operational activities are conducted and are in fact sometimes not considered an operational session or state (Kozierok, 2015). References Burke. J. (2017). What is the difference between TCP/IP model and OSI model? Tech target. Retrieved 01 May, 2017, from: https://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/answer/What-is-the-difference-between-OSI-model-and-TCP-IP-other-than-the-number-of-layers Certification Kits. (2017). CCNA Bus, Ring, Star Mesh Topologies. Retrieved 01 May, 2017, from: https://www.certificationkits.com/cisco-certification/ccna-articles/cisco-ccna-physical-networking-concepts-layer-1/ccna-bus-ring-star-a-mesh-topologies/ Chaudhari. A. (2016). 12 Advantages and Disadvantages of OSI model Layered Architecture. CSE stack. Retrieved 01 May, 2017, from: https://www.csestack.org/advantages-disadvantages-of-osi-model-layered-architecture/ Frenzel. L. (2013). Whats The Difference between the OSI Seven-Layer Network Model and TCP/IP? Electronic design. Retrieved 01 May, 2017, from: https://www.electronicdesign.com/what-s-difference-between/what-s-difference-between-osi-seven-layer-network-model-and-tcpip Jayasundara. M. (2017). Advantages and disadvantages of TCP/IP and OSI model. Retrieved 01 May, 2017, from: https://msccomputernetworks.blogspot.co.ke/2016/08/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-tcpip.html Kozierok. C. (2005). POP3 General Operation, Client/Server Communication and Session States. The TCP/IP guide. Retrieved 01 May, 2017, from: https://www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_POP3GeneralOperationClientServerCommunicationandSe-2.htm Netscape Communications Corporation. (1998). Receiving Mail with POP3. Messaging Access SDK Guide. Retrieved 01 May, 2017, from: https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19957-01/816-6027-10/asdk5.htm Nizam. A. (2014). Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Mesh Topology. Networking basics. Retrieved 01 May, 2017, from: https://www.networking-basics.net/mesh-topology/ Omnisecu. (2017). TCP/IP Data Encapsulation and Decapsulation. Retrieved 01 May, 2017, from: https://www.omnisecu.com/tcpip/tcpip-encapsulation-decapsulation.php Zandbergen. P. (2017). How Star, Bus, Ring Mesh Topology Connect Computer Networks in Organizations. Retrieved 01 May, 2017, from: https://study.com/academy/lesson/how-star-topology-connects-computer-networks-in-organizations.html